2604.01207 Expenditure-Side and Production-Side GDP Estimates Disagree on Recession Timing in 4 of 15 OECD Countries: A Concordance Framework for National Accounts
Gross Domestic Product can be measured from three conceptually equivalent approaches: expenditure, production (value-added), and income. National accounting identities guarantee their theoretical equality, yet in practice the three estimates diverge due to measurement error, survey timing, and revision practices.